Does the effect of PM10 on mortality depend on PM nickel and vanadium content? A re-analysis of the NMMAPS data

Background

Lack of knowledge regarding particulate matter (PM) characteristics associated with toxicity is a crucial research gap. Short-term effects of PM can vary by location, possibly reflecting regional differences in mixtures. A report by Lippmann et al. [Lippmann et al., Environ Health Perspect 114:1662–1669 (2006)] analyzed mortality effect estimates from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) for 1987–1994. They found that average concentrations of nickel or vanadium in PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) positively modified the lag-1 day association between PM10 and all-cause mortality.

Objective

We reestimated the relationship between county-specific lag-1 PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm) effects on mortality and county-specific nickel or vanadium PM2.5 average concentrations using 1987–2000 effect estimates. We explored whether such modification is sensitive to outliers.

Methods

We estimated long-term average county-level nickel and vanadium PM2.5 concentrations for 2000–2005 for 72 U.S. counties representing 69 communities. We fitted Bayesian hierarchical regression models to investigate whether county-specific short-term effects of PM10 on mortality are modified by long-term county-specific nickel or vanadium PM2.5 concentrations. We conducted sensitivity analyses by excluding individual communities and considering log-transformed data.

Results

Our results were consistent with those of Lippmann et al. However, we found that when counties included in the NMMAPS New York community were excluded from the sensitivity analysis, the evidence of effect modification of nickel or vanadium on the short-term effects of PM10 mortality was much weaker and no longer statistically significant.

Conclusions

Our analysis does not contradict the hypothesis that nickel or vanadium may increase the risk of PM to human health, but it highlights the sensitivity of findings to particularly influential observations.

Does the effect of PM10 on mortality depend on PM nickel and vanadium content? A re-analysis of the NMMAPS data.

Publication Date: 
2007
Authors: 
F Dominici
RD Peng
K Ebisu
SL Zeger
JM Samet
ML Bell
Journal: 
Environmental Health Perspectives 115(12), p. 1701-1703

Last Updated: Aug 22, 2022